How social learning influences further collaboration: experiences from an international collaborative water project

Social learning in collaborative settings can play an important role in reducing water management problems. In this paper we analyze the nature and effects of these learning processes in an international collaborative setting. We assert that social interactions contribute to substantive and relational learning, which involves changes in the motivations, cognitions and resources of individual actors. In addition, interactions may contribute to social learning, which is the case when actors develop collective outcomes on which further collaboration can be based. We use these theoretical insights to examine a water project in which Dutch and Romanian actors collaborate. Their interactions changed their individual motivations, cognitions, and resources and led to collective outcomes. Some of the learning processes were constructive, others were not. Because the unconstructive learning by external actors was decisive, the collaboration did not establish a basis for further collaboration. The case study demonstrates that a single project can include multiple and diverse social learning processes, which may have a positive or negative effect on further collaboration. Whose learning has most impact closely relates to how resources are distributed across actors, and hence the context of a learning process. Thus, whether learning forms a basis for further collaboration depends not only on ‘how much’ actors learn but in particular on ‘who learns what.

Alternative Geometries for 3D Bioprinting of Calcium Phosphate Cement as Bone Substitute

In the literature, many studies have described the 3D printing of ceramic-based scaffolds (e.g., printing with calcium phosphate cement) in the form of linear structures with layer rotations of 90°, although no right angles can be found in the human body. Therefore, this work focuses on the adaptation of biological shapes, including a layer rotation of only 1°. Sample shapes were printed with calcium phosphate cement using a 3D Bioplotter from EnvisionTec. Both straight and wavy spokes were printed in a round structure with 12 layers. Depending on the strand diameter (200 and 250 µm needle inner diameter) and strand arrangement, maximum failure loads of 444.86 ± 169.39 N for samples without subsequent setting in PBS up to 1280.88 ± 538.66 N after setting in PBS could be achieved

Dutch-funded international water projects: are they effective and why (not)?

The Dutch water sector is actively involved in a wide variety of international projects that involve a transfer of Dutch knowledge.The government financially supports some of these projects with the aim to (1) contribute to solving water-related problems, and (2) create economic opportunities for the Dutch water sector.This research evaluates to what extent Dutch-funded projects actually contribute to the achievement of these objectives.Moreover, it tries to explain what factors distinguishes an effective from a less effective project. For this, we developed an evaluation framework, which we applied to three Dutch-funded flood risk projects that were implemented in Romania